Whirlpool, Citigroup and CACI International increase oversight of their business environments
Revelations of aggressive sales practices at Wells Fargo led to the abrupt resignation of John Stumpf as CEO. PHOTO: DIMITRIOS MANIS/ZUMA PRESS
Corporate culture counts. But bad culture can damage a company’s reputation, results and recruitment.
That’s why boards are starting to scrutinize the cultures of companies they serve. Directors at Whirlpool Corp. , for example, make sure its workers feel comfortable divulging bad news by tracking internal surveys. Companies such as Citigroup Inc. and CACI International Inc. have formed board culture committees.
Culture describes the way values and actions create a unique business environment. One recent study found that a positive corporate culture improves company profits.
The NEW YORK RACING ASSOCIATION and Charles Hayward, Plaintiffs, v. NASSAU REGIONAL OFF-TRACK BETTING CORPORATION, Dino Amoroso, Scientific Games LLC and Roberts Communications LLC, Defendants.
No. 021993/09.
Decided: July 29, 2010
Motion by defendants Nassau Regional Off-Track Betting Corporation (“NROTB”) and Dino Amorosa pursuant to CPLR 3211 to dismiss the first through fourth causes of action of the complaint is granted in part and denied in part.
In this action commenced on October 27, 2009, plaintiff the New York Racing Association (“NYRA”) and its President Charles Hayward seek to recover for the unauthorized live transmissions of audio-visual simulcasts of NYRA races on NROTB's website during the 53 day period from January 29th to April 15, 2009. Plaintiffs seek to recover of defendant NROTB; defendant Scientific Games Racing which allegedly provided NROTB with, inter alia, technological services including software and hardware for its internet website; and, defendant Roberts Communications, LLC, which allegedly transmitted live audio-visual race simulcasts including NYRA's to NROTB's wagering locations, Nassau County residents' televisions, and NROTB's website.
In its complaint, NYRA alleges that it operates Aqueduct, Belmont and Saratoga racetracks and that it has proprietary rights and interests in the audio-visual simulcasts of its races there. Therefore, races at those tracks may be displayed only at OTB branches or tele-theaters, on television or on the internet with its permission. It further alleges that in operating NROTB's wagering system in Nassau County, NROTB telecasts live audio-visual simulcasts for pari-mutual wagering purposes and that it also maintains a website which displays them, but only with the racetrack's authorization. NYRA alleges that pursuant to an agreement which was subject to New York State Racing and Wagering Board approval, it would have allowed NROTB to broadcast races at branches and tele-theaters as well as on cable. However, that agreement never received Board approval. In fact, NYRA alleges that NROTB sought its approval to offer live audio-visual simulcasts of its races in March, 2008 but it was denied. It further alleges that the agreement does not authorize live audio-visual simulcasts of NYRA's races on NROTB's website. It alleges that from January 29, 2009 until April 15, 2009, NROTB nevertheless transmitted live NYRA's audio-visual race simulcasts over its website which it obtained from the defendants Scientific Games LLC or Roberts Communications without its authorization. NYRA alleges that as a result, pursuant to written notification dated April 15, 2009, it terminated transmission of its live audio-visual race simulcasts to NROTB home viewers, accompanied by a statement by President Hayward to the effect that NROTB had displayed live audio-visual simulcasts of races on its website without its authorization.
NYRA further alleges that NROTB brought suit against it in June 2009 sounding in breach of contract to recover for the termination of live audio-visual simulcasts of its races on television and for defamation against Hayward based upon his accusatory statement about NROTB. In that action, NROTB alleged that NYRA had in fact agreed to provide in-home live simulcasting to Nassau County cable customers and by directing Cablevision to block those broadcasts, NYRA breached its agreement with NROTB. As for the live website simulcasts, NROTB maintained that it was not even aware of it and that it was done in error by the third-party provider Roberts Communications Network which was hired by its webmaster Scientific Games, LLC. It alleged that when it learned of these mistaken simulcasts on its website, it put an immediate stop to them. NROTB further alleged that both it and its webmaster Scientific Games LLC informed NYRA that the live website simulcasts were totally unintended accidents; that they expressed their regret; and that upon NYRA's President's demand, its President defendant Dino Amaroso supplied two written apologies. NROTB alleged that NYRA nevertheless terminated home broadcasts without first confirming its intent to do so. NROTB additionally alleged that NYRA defamed it by announcing that the televised signal from Belmont Park thoroughbred racing had been removed from NROTB's in-home distribution network because “despite repeated demand, NYRA ha[d] to date received no satisfactory explanation from NROTB as to why it deliberately pirated NYRA's signal over the internet” and that “NYRA's racing signal is valuable and proprietary and [it could not] allow it to be pirated by [its] competitors in the industry.” As and for its first cause of action, NROTB sought specific performance. As and for its second cause of action, NROTB sought damages for breach of contract. As and for its third cause of action, NROTB sought to recover for defamation. NYRA did not interpose any counterclaims in that action.
In this action, NYRA alleges that on July 23, 2004, NROTB's President, defendant Dino Amoroso, told a New York Post reporter that Hayward was “a liar and a thief” and that the Post published that statement on July 24, 2004.
In its first, fifth and eighth causes of action, NYRA seeks to recover of NROTB, Scientific Games LLC and Roberts Communications LLC, respectively, for conversion due to the transmission of live simulcasts of its race on NROTB's website.
In its second, sixth and ninth causes of action, NYRA seeks to recover of NROTB, Scientific Games LLC and Roberts Communications LLC, respectively, for unfair competition.
In its third, seventh and tenth causes of action, NYRA seeks to recover of NROTB, Scientific Games LLC and Roberts Communications LLC, respectively for unauthorized publication/use of communications in violation of 47 U.S.C.A. § 605.
In its fourth cause of action, NYRA's President Charles Hayward seeks to recover of NROTB and its President defendant Dino Amoroso for defamation.
Defendants NROTB and Dino Amoroso move to dismiss the complaint pursuant to CPLR 3211. It is not disputed NYRA failed to file a Notice of Claim which NROTB alleges is required by Section 514 of the Racing, Pari-Mutuel Wagering and Breeding Law. (Zoll v. Suffolk Regional Off-Track Betting Corp., 259 A.D.2d 696, 2nd Dept., 1999; New York Racing Ass'n Inc. v. New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation, 51 AD3d 462, 1st Dept., 2008, lv den., 12 NY3d 704 (2009), citing Zoll v. New York City Off-Track Betting Corp., 258 A.D.2d 267, 2nd Dept., 1999, lv den., 94 N.Y.2d 754 (1999); see also, Marino v. New York City Off Track Betting Corp., 12 AD3d 606, 2nd Dept., 2004). Contrary to NYRA's position, that statute's application is not limited to personal injury or property damage claims. The statute provides that “In every action against a corporation for damages” the complaint must contain an allegation that 30 days have elapsed since a notice of claim was served. Racing, Pari-Mutuel Wagering and Breeding Law § 514(1). Racing, Pari-Mutual Wagering and Breeding Law § 618 provides that a timely notice of claim must be filed before commencing an action against the New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation.
As the Appellate Division, Second Department held in Zoll v. Suffolk Regional Off-Track Betting Corp., (supra, at p. 696-697, citing Quicksilver Assoc. v. Catskill Regional Off-Track Betting Corp., 213 A.D.2d 389, 2nd Dept., 1995; Broadmeadow Lanes Inc. v. Catskill Regional Off-Track Betting Corp., 151 A.D.2d 631, 2nd Dept., 1999; Justy v. New York City Off-Track Betting Corp., 199 A.D.2d 190, 1st Dept., 1993, lv den., 83 N.Y.2d 758 [1994] ) “[i]t is well settled that the service of a notice of claim, the contents of which are statutorily prescribed, is a condition precedent to the commencement of an action against a municipal corporation (citations omitted).” The court there further specifically held that “Racing, Pari-Mutuel Wagering and Breeding Law § 514 establishes that the notice of claim requirement applies to any action for damages', not just tort claims based on injury to personal property, real property, and for personal injuries ․ [That statute] is not subject to any exceptions based on the nature of the underlying legal theory.” (See also, New York Racing Association, Inc. v. New York City Off-Track Betting Corp., supra ).
In its Memorandum of Law, NYRA requests leave to file a late notice of claim. Neither § 514 nor § 618 contains any provision permitting the service of a late notice of claim. However, contrary to NROTB's position, leave to file a late claim against NROTB is permitted in tort actions pursuant to General Municipal Law § 50-e. See, Marino v. New York City Off-Track Betting Corp., supra 12 AD3d at 607. “In determining whether to grant an application for leave to serve a late notice of claim, the key factors which the court must consider are whether the public corporation acquired actual knowledge of the essential facts constituting the claim within 90 days or a reasonable time thereafter, whether the claimant was an infant or mentally or physically incapacitated, whether the claimant had a reasonable excuse for the delay in serving a notice of claim, and whether the municipality would be substantially prejudiced by the delay in maintaining its defense on the merits. (Ambrico v. Lynbrook Union Free School District, 71 AD3d 762, 2nd Dept., 2010; citing Matter of Andrew T.B. v. Brewster Cent. School Dist., 18 AD3d 745, 746; Fuentes v. County of Nassau, 15 AD3d 346, 2nd Dept., 2005; Rogers v. City of Yonkers, 271 A.D.2d 593, 2nd Dept., 2000). “The presence or absence of any one factor is not necessarily determinative.” (Ambrico v. Lynbrook Union Free School District, supra, citing Matter of Leeds v. Port Wash. Union Free School Dist., 55 AD3d 734, 2nd Dept., 2008; Jordan v. City of New York, 41 AD3d 658, 659, 2nd Dept., 2007). But, “whether the municipality timely acquired actual knowledge of the essential facts constituting the claim is a factor which is accorded great weight.” (Ambrico v. Lynbrook Union Free School District, supra, citing Brownstein v. Incorporated Village of Hempstead, 52 AD3d 507, 509, 2 nd Dept., 2008; Matter of Felice v. Eastport/South Manor Cent. School Dist., 50 AD3d 138, 147, 2nd Dept., 2008; Dell'Italia v. Long Is. R.R. Corp., 31 AD3d 758, 759, 2nd Dept., 2006).
The court concludes that NROTB clearly received actual knowledge of the unauthorized telecasts within a reasonable time after they occurred. Moreover, defendants have not established that they would be substantially prejudiced by defending plaintiffs' claims on the merits. Accordingly, plaintiffs are granted leave to serve a late notice of claim. Defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint based upon plaintiffs' failure to serve a timely notice of claim is denied.
When deciding a motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to CPLR 3211, the court is required to afford the pleading “a liberal construction.” Leon v. Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d 83, 87 (1994). It must “accept the facts alleged in the complaint as true, accord [the] plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory.”
Under the traditional construct of the intentional tort of conversion, plaintiff was required to establish “the unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership over goods belonging to another to the exclusion of the owner's rights” Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. (8 NY3d 283, 288-89 [2007] ). In Thyroff, the court of appeals suggests that plaintiff may maintain an action for conversion where its electronically stored data is misappropriated, regardless of whether plaintiff has been excluded from access to its intangible property. The court noted that it is the information which is stored in the computer that has “intrinsic value,” rather than the “physical nature” of the document (Id at 292). This court concludes that NYRA may maintain an action for conversion of its live audio-visual simulcast, even though it was not “excluded” from access to the electronic data transmission. Defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's conversion claim for failure to state a cause of action is denied.
To sustain a cause of action sounding in unfair competition, “the plaintiff must show that the defendants misappropriated [its] [product], labors, skills, expenditures or goodwill and displayed some element of bad faith in doing so.” Abe's Rooms, Inc. v. Space Hunters, Inc., 38 AD3d 690, 692-693 (2nd Dept.2007). “The tort functions to protect property rights of commercial value ․ from any form of commercial immorality.' Bongo Apparel, Inc. v. Iconix Brand Group, Inc., 18 Misc.3d 1108(A) (Supreme Court New York County 2008), quoting Metropolitan Opera Ass'n. v. Wagner-Nichols Recorder Corp., 199 Misc. 786, 796 (Supreme Court New York County 1950), aff'd., 279 App.Div. 631 (1st Dept.1951). The general principle ․ evolved from all of the cases is that commercial unfairness will be restrained when it appears that there has been a misappropriation, for the commercial advantage of one [company] of a benefit or property right belonging to another.' “ Telecom, Intl. Am. Ltd. v. AT & T Corp., 280 F3d 175, 197 (2d Cir.2001).
NYRA alleges that NYROTB misappropriated live audio-visual simulcasts of its races and participated in their transmission over NROTB's website despite knowing that it lacked authorization to do so. Applying the standards of review applicable to a motion pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), NYRA has adequately pled a claim sounding in unfair competition. Defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiffs' claim of unfair competition for failure to state a cause of action is denied.
Section 47 USC 605(a) of the Communications Act of 1934 provides
No person not being authorized by the sender shall intercept any radio communication and divulge or publish the existence, contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of such intercepted communication to any person. No person not being entitled thereto shall receive or assist in receiving any interstate or foreign communication by radio and use such communication (or any information therein contained) for his own benefit or for the benefit of another not entitled thereto. No person having received any intercepted radio communication or having become acquainted with the contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of such communication (or any part thereof) knowing that such communication was intercepted, shall divulge or publish the existence, contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of such communication (or any part thereof) or use such communication (or any information therein contained) for his own benefit or for the benefit of another not entitled thereto.
Since § 605 refers to “radio communications,” it applies to communications traveling “through the air,” as opposed to “communications by wire,” which are covered by 47 U.S.C. § 553 (Charter Communications Entertainment v. Burdulis, 460 F.3d 168, 172-73 [1st Cir.2006] ). Giving plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, the court must assume that the audio-visual simulcasts were transmitted wirelessly, at least in part. Thus, NYRA has stated a legally sufficient claim under 47 U.S.C. § 605. Defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiffs' claim pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 605 for failure to state a cause of action is denied.
An officer of an unincorporated association may bring an action for defamation for damage to his reputation However, if the officer is a “public figure,” the defendant will have a qualified privilege and the plaintiff must establish actual malice (Friends of Animals v. Assoc. Fur Manufacturers, 46 N.Y.2d 1065 [1979] ). The court concludes that NYRA's telecasts of public sporting events render Hayward a public figure. The officials of both NYROTB and NYRA could have been more temperate in their comments concerning the unauthorized telecasts. However, in the interest of robust debate on a matter of public interest, absent a showing of actual malice, their statements were not actionable. Since plaintiffs have not made any showing of actual malice, defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff Hayward's defamation claim for failure to state a cause of action is granted.
STEPHEN A. BUCARIA, J.
Yet “few boards currently have an explicit focus or formalized approach to cultural oversight,’’ said Helene Gayle, a director of Coca-Cola Co. and Colgate-Palmolive Co.
A blue-ribbon panel co-led by Ms. Gayle wants boards to monitor corporate culture as vigilantly as they do risks. The 34-member commission, organized by the National Association of Corporate Directors, released an extensive report on Wednesday that suggests how boards could bolster their oversight of company culture.
The panel’s 10 recommended steps include regular measurements of corporate culture, using a combination of factors such as chief executives’ performance reviews and the scope of power held by risk-management officers. The panel also suggests crackdowns on incentive-pay plans that might weaken culture.
“Oversight of corporate culture should be among the top governance imperatives for every board,’’ the panel of independent directors, recruiters and consultants concluded. A strong culture offers “a powerful source of competitive advantage,’’ while companies with weak cultures see far higher levels of misconduct, the report said.
Recent crises at Uber Technologies Inc. and Wells Fargo & Co. were partly blamed on culture flaws.
Uber is grappling with scandals, government probes and shareholder litigation. CEO Travis Kalanick quit under investor pressure in June. The ride-hailing company declined to comment on a shareholder suit filed in late September that called its corporate culture “a toxic hotbed,” threatening its business.
Wells Fargo admitted culture problems following a sales-practices scandal that erupted a year ago. The bank said employees opened customer accounts using fictitious or unauthorized information to meet lofty sales goals. The revelation led then-CEO John Stumpf to retire abruptly.
His successor, Timothy Sloan, this spring said the bank would conduct a companywide survey so leaders can “foster an ethical, inclusive, and customer-focused culture.’’
Whirlpool directors make sure management at the appliance giant maintains a strong culture through annual employee polls, executive performance evaluations, analysis of whistleblower-hotline calls and risk assessments of pay practices, according to Mike White, the board audit committee’s chairman.
Board members intensified their cultural oversight after Whirlpool became a target of a U.S. government antitrust investigation into the global compressor industry. As a result of the probe, the company’s compressor business based in Brazil agreed in 2010 to plead guilty to price fixing of refrigerant compressors and pay a $91.8 million fine.
“A couple of individuals made bad decisions,’’ said Jeff Fettig, Whirlpool’s longtime CEO who stepped down on Sunday. He remains chairman.
In response, Mr. Fettig said he revamped compliance training, replaced a division head and renewed Whirlpool’s commitment to encouraging employees to speak up about misdeeds.
The board also gave Mr. Fettig tougher marching orders, with a 2010 performance goal to “make sure it doesn’t happen again,’’ Mr. White said. The board would later trim Mr. Fettig’s 2011 bonus.
Mr. Fettig said in hindsight, the episode was “very positive for our culture.’’ For instance, he said, worker survey scores about their willingness to speak up rose 10 percentage points between 2010 and 2015.
Citigroup takes a different approach. In 2014, it became the first large U.S. bank to create a board ethics and culture committee, recalled panel chairman Franz Humer.
A management “culture audit” commissioned by the committee uncovered varying views about valued behaviors, including how Citigroup defines performance, Mr. Humer said.
Panel members encouraged senior executives to create a common approach from the top, he added.
Among other things, Mr. Humer said, these directors reviewed CEO Michael Corbat’s culture presentation before his next gathering of the bank’s top 250 executives.
And during a strategy session this summer, the full board agreed that management should sharpen Citigroup’s cultural focus by supporting tougher performance evaluations, Mr. Humer said.
Directors want bosses to judge their subordinates on “how we achieve results, not just the results achieved.’’
Write to Joann S. Lublin at joann.lublin@wsj.com
Appeared in the October 4, 2017, print edition as 'Boards Wake Up to Company Culture.'
