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ActivismEdit

The club has long taken an interest in the political and social life of Russia, engaging in youth social issues,[which?][how?][9] forging close links to the Kremlin and establishing a friendship with President Putin.[10] They also contribute to the breaking away of Crimea by patrolling the streets of the peninsula with unmarked soldiers sent from Russia[11][12][13] and fought for the pro-Russian side in the Donbass war.[14] They are involved with the Russian Orthodox Church and make a motorcycle pilgrimage to holy Russian Orthodox sites several times a year.[how?][15]

Relationship with the KremlinEdit

The club has close ties to Vladimir Putin and a generally Russian nationalistsentiment.[1][5][16] Putin has described them as his "friends" and appeared at their rallies, riding a Harley-Davidson trike.[17] The Night Wolves are funded by the Kremlin, receiving "several hundred million rubles a year" according to a report in 2013.[5] In May 2015, Alexei Navalny claimed that the Russian government had given 56 million rubles to the group in the preceding year and a half.[18][19] In October 2015, Night Wolves received a donation of 12,000,000 rubles from the Russian government to 'build a “Patriot” youth center in Sevastopol in Crimea'.[20]

Involvement in UkraineEdit

Members of the Night Wolves have fought on the side of pro-Russian militants during the Crimean Crisis and war in Donbass. They blockaded the main routes into Sevastopol[21] and participated in attacks on a natural gas facility and the naval headquarters in the city.[22] In April 2015, Agence France-Presse stated that Alexei Vereshchyagin had fought against Ukrainian government forces in Luhansk.[17]

ShowsEdit

Their August 2014 show in Sevastopol, supporting the annexation of Crimea by Russia and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by "fascists", was attended by an estimated 100,000 people and broadcast by Russian state television.[23][24]
During their New Year's shows for children, the Night Wolves portrayed the West as conspiring to destroy Russia.[18][19] In a January 2015 interview with RIA Novosti, Zaldostanov stated that "When the kids come to us, we don't cut costs on special effects or efforts to convey to the children a feeling of true drive and danger."[19]

SanctionsEdit

CanadaEdit

Canada added Zaldostanov to its sanctions list in February 2015.[25][26] The Night Wolves were included in June 2015.[27]

Germany and PolandEdit

In 2015, when the Night Wolves were planning to celebrate the "Victory Day" — victory over the Nazi Germany in the "Great Patriotic War" — on May 9 with a trip from Moscow to Berlin, the government of Poland refused them entry due to the club members' active support of Putin, and Germany cancelled the bikers' Schengen visas.[28][29] On their way to Berlin, despite visa issues, Night Wolves commemorated the deaths of Polish officers murdered by NKVD in Katyn by lighting candles in their name on 26 April,[30] although Night Wolves and their leader are outspoken supporters of Joseph Stalin, who ordered the murders.[14]
A Polish motocyclists' organization calling itself the Katyń Motocycle Raid (KMR) criticized the ban and said that Night Wolves already made two such trips in the past, and Polish public opinion was divided on the decision, with 38.7% supporting it and 28.5% opposing.[31] After the ban, the KMR declared that it would light candles on the graves of fallen Red Army soldiers in the name of the Night Wolves.[32] Families of the Katyń massacre's victims stated that they did not wish to be associated with the KMR.[33]
Bikers who wanted to enter Germany at the Berlin Schönefeld International Airport were denied entry.[34] On May 6, one member, who was trying to enter Germany by ship from Helsinki to Travemünde, was deported to Finland.[35]

United StatesEdit

In December 2014, the United States announced sanctions against the Night Wolves[36] due to their involvement in attacks on a gas distribution station in Strikolkove and the Ukrainian naval headquarters in Sevastopol, and recruitment of fighters for the war in Donbass.[36]

ViewsEdit

Night Wolves and Czech nationals laid flowers to the graves of Red Army soldiers killed during the liberation of Prague in 1945, Czech Republic, 7 May 2016

On StalinEdit

According to Peter Pomerantsev, the Night Wolves admire Joseph Stalin,[5] the Soviet dictator and one of the three main Allied leaders of World War II. On their ride to Berlin for a rally marking the anniversary of the end of World War II in 2015, they displayed red flags with portraits of Stalin and shouted World War II-era Red Army oath "For the Motherland! For Stalin!"[17] According to Alexei Magister, the president of a biker club linked to the Night Wolves, " We are not harming anyone, we are just honouring the memory of those who fell to destroy Fascism".[17]
On their ride to Berlin in 2015, the Night Wolves paid homage at the Russia's memorial to Polish prisoners of war killed in the Katyn massacre by the NKVD on Stalin's and Beria's orders in 1940.[37]

On Anti-Maidan protestsEdit

In January 2015, the group's leader, the Ukraine-born Alexander Zaldostanov, expressed support for a Russian Anti-Maidan movement which said it was ready to use violence to stop anti-government protesters.[38][39]

On foreign countriesEdit

Night Wolves in Sofia, Bulgariaholding Bulgarian and Russian flags, 1 July 2016
In an interview, Zaldostanov said "For the first time we showed resistance to the global Satanism, the growing savagery of Western Europe, the rush to consumerism that denies all spirituality, the destruction of traditional values, all this homosexual talk, this American democracy."[13]
Andrei Bobrovsky, the leader of the Night Wolves ride from Moscow to Berlin, told Sputnik (the Russian government-controlled news agency) in May 2016, "The Slovaks received us very well. It seems that we [Russians] and them [Slovaks] are soul mates. We're not only Slavs, but we're also very similar in the way we think."[40]
In an interview with Finnish journalist Juha Portaankorva in 2016, Zaldostanov said "I would love Finland to stay a good neighbor of Russia. I would love the Finns to trust Russia more than America."[41]

On LGBT peopleEdit

In January 2015, Zaldostanov suggested that "Death to faggots" could be an alternate name for the Russian anti-Maidan movement.[38] At a February 2015 "Anti-Maidan" rally in Moscow organized by Zaldostanov, popular slogans included "We don't need Western ideology and gay parades!"[42]

MembershipEdit

According to some of the Night Wolves, a prospective member must be male, from a former Soviet country, invited by an existing member, and must participate in club events for two years before becoming a member.[43]
The Night Wolves claim not to discriminate on religious grounds.[43] The Night Wolves are openly homophobic and do not allow gay men to join the club; women are also not allowed to join.[44]
The Night Wolves have over 5,000 members,[1] including Ramzan Kadyrov, the Head of the Chechen Republic.[45]
There is a Night Wolves Macedonia.[46]

CriticismEdit

Protest against Night Wolves' ride through Prague, Czech Republic, 7 May 2016
The Night Wolves are often in conflict with other biking clubs. Yevgeny Vorobyev, the leader of the Three Roads, accused them of becoming too politicised.[47] The representative of the Hells Angels in Russia told the Moscow Times, "We call each other brothers and avoid being linked to any religious and political organizations, as these are things that divide people. To express my political views, I vote."[48]
Another view describes Ulson Gunnar in New Eastern Outlook, an online magazine of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For him, the affair of the Night Wolves shows the increasing hypocrisy of the West, which is slandering his enemies as dictatorships, but suspending the by him cherished freedom, when it comes to persons who contradict its interests. In this context, he pointed out that US motorcycle clubs were holding remembrance trips for fallen comrades regularly. Such a remembrance trips was US bikers even allowed in Vietnam, a country that is signified by the West as unfree.[49]

MediaEdit

Mark Galeotti, writing in The Moscow Times, described the Night Wolves as "a case study in the Kremlin's strategy of adopting and taming potentially hostile groups and using them precisely as tools of control—counter-counterculture, as it were."[50]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ a b c d Alsop, Harry (March 2, 2014). "Meet the Night Wolves – Putin's Hell's Angels". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  2. ^ a b Romriell, Lucas (January 2003). "The Wolfmen". Cycle World: 90–91.
  3. ^ Ночные Волки  » История [Night Wolves - History] (in Russian). nwrussia.info. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  4. ^ "Мотоцикл Урал Волк". Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d Pomerantsev, Peter (10 October 2013). "Forms of Delirium". London Review of Books, Vol. 35, No. 19. pp. 5–7.
  6. ^ Parfitt, Tom (November 14, 2012). "Member of Vladimir Putin's favourite biker group shot dead". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  7. ^ "Kadyrov Shows Some Love to 'Night Wolves' Biker Gang". The Moscow Times. 21 December 2014.
  8. ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (24 May 2015). "Strongman Leader Kadyrov Named Honorary Chief of Chechen Night Wolves". The Moscow Times.
  9. ^ Молодежная автономная некоммерческая организация "Ночные Волки" (in Russian). Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  10. ^ Noack, Rick (25 April 2015). "An ultra-nationalist Russian biker gang is invading Europe, and Poland isn't happy". The Washington Post.
  11. ^ http://qz.com/392315/poland-puts-a-stop-to-a-pro-putin-biker-gangs-european-invasion/
  12. ^ Shuster, Simon (28 February 2014). "Russia Ups the Ante in Crimea by Sending in the 'Night Wolves'". Time.
  13. ^ a b Parfitt, Tom (17 March 2015). "Crimea, one year on: the Night Wolves howl for Putin". The Telegraph. London.
  14. ^ a b https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/25/poland-anti-russian-night-wolves-zaldostanov-motorcyclists-red-army
  15. ^ Авто Mail.ru (19 April 2012). "Ночные волки за Патриарха - автоновости - Авто Mail.Ru". Авто Mail.Ru. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  16. ^ Parfitt, Tom (24 March 2015). "Putin's outrider: 'The Surgeon' vows to quell anti-Kremlin dissent". The Telegraph. London.
  17. ^ a b c d Popov, Maxime (25 April 2015). "Pro-Kremlin bikers ride for Berlin defying bans from Germany, Poland". Agence France-Presse. Yahoo News.
  18. ^ a b Dolgov, Anna (6 May 2015). "Navalny: Russian Bikers Given Grants to Stage Anti-Western Shows for Kids". The Moscow Times.
  19. ^ a b c "The Terrifying Kids Show Staged By Pro-Putin Bikers And Paid For By Taxpayers". Radio Free Europe. 5 May 2015.
  20. ^ Russian Bikers and War Veterans Given Grants for Patriotic Youth Centers
  21. ^ Salem, Harriet (February 28, 2014). "Ukraine: Night Wolves and unidentified military men seize key Crimea sites". The Guardian. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  22. ^ Parfitt, Tom (21 December 2014). "US slaps sanctions on Putin's biker gang over Ukraine". The Telegraph. London.
  23. ^ Kates, Glenn (August 11, 2014). "Sevastopol's Olympic-Sized Take On Ukraine: Bikers, Ballet, And Swastikas". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  24. ^ Seddon, Max (August 11, 2014). "Watch The Pro-Putin Rally Where The War In Ukraine Was Performed By A Motorbike Gang". BuzzFeed.
  25. ^ Government of Canada 17 Febr. 2015: : Expanded sanctions list, Regulations Amending the Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations
  26. ^ Dyer, Evan (19 February 2015). "Alexander Zaldostanov, Russian biker, makes Canada's sanctions list". CBC News.
  27. ^ "Expanded Sanctions List". pm.gc.ca. 29 June 2015.
  28. ^ http://www.unian.info/world/1071128-polish-foreign-ministry-germany-cancels-russian-night-wolves-bikers-schengen-visas.html
  29. ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32452276
  30. ^ Nocne Wilki oddały hołd pomordowanym w Katyniu polskim oficerom
  31. ^ http://polska.newsweek.pl/czy-nocne-wilki-powinny-zostac-wpuszczone-do-polski-sondaz-newsweeka,artykuly,361750,1.html
  32. ^ http://niezalezna.pl/66418-niebywale-motocyklisci-z-rajdu-katynskiego-zapala-znicze-na-grobach-sowieckich-zolnierzy
  33. ^ http://niezalezna.pl/66081-komandor-wegrzyn-chwali-sie-imprezami-z-nocnym-wilkami-rodziny-katynskie-oburzone
  34. ^ http://xn--80ajgarobcee6b3h.xn--p1ai/finansyi-eng/russian-bikers-detained-in-the-airport-of-berlin/
  35. ^ http://www.finlandtimes.fi/national/2015/05/06/16519/Night-Wolves-member-sent-back-to-Finland-from-Germany
  36. ^ a b "Treasury Targets Additional Ukrainian Separatists and Russian Individuals and Entities". treasury.gov. 19 December 2014.
  37. ^ "Poland denies Russia 'Night Wolves' bikers entry". Al Jazeera. 27 April 2015.
  38. ^ a b Walker, Shaun (15 January 2015). "Patriotic group formed to defend Russia against pro-democracy protesters". The Guardian.
  39. ^ "Putin Now Has His Storm Troopers and Pogroms Will Surely Follow, Ganapolsky Says". interpretermag. 23 January 2015.
  40. ^ "Despite Challenges Night Wolves Make it to EU, Thank Europeans for Support". Sputnik. 6 May 2016.
  41. ^ Yön sudet ovat valmiita kuolemaan Venäjän puolesta: "Putin on vapauden symboli". Yle. 20 May 2016.
  42. ^ Parfitt, Tom; Oliphant, Roland (21 February 2015). "Thousands take part in 'Anti-Maidan' protest in Moscow against uprising in Ukraine". The Telegraph. London.
  43. ^ a b Llobet, Anais; Popov, Maxime (7 October 2014). "Leader Of Putin's Favorite Biker Gang: 'We Consider Ourselves Part Of The Army Of Russia'". Agence France-Presse. Business Insider.
  44. ^http://rbth.asia/society/2013/11/12/russias_night_wolves_ride_alongside_putin_48963.html
  45. ^http://www.independent.mk/articles/8587/Chechen+Leader+Joins+Night+Wolves+Motorcycle+Club
  46. ^ nightwolves.com.mk Retrieved 19 May 2015 (Macedonian)
  47. ^http://rbth.co.uk/society/2013/12/08/night_wolves_russias_answer_to_hells_angels_32369.html
  48. ^ "More to Russian Bikers than the Night Wolves". The Moscow Times. 27 July 2015.
  49. ^ Ulson Gunnar: Burying The Greatest Victory in Spite. in: New Eastern Outlook. 29. April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2016
  50. ^ Galeotti, Mark (19 May 2015). "An Unusual Friendship: Bikers and the Kremlin (Op-Ed)". The Moscow Times.

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